11 Proven Health Benefits of Garlic

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Current research shows that garlic may have some real health benefits, such as protection against the common cold and the ability to help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

&#;Let food be thy medicine, and medicine be thy food.&#;

Those are famous words from the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, often called the father of Western medicine.

He prescribed garlic to treat various medical conditions &#; and modern science has confirmed many of these beneficial health effects.

Here are 11 health benefits of garlic that are supported by human research.

1. Garlic contains compounds with potent medicinal properties

Garlic is a plant in the Allium (onion) family. It&#;s closely related to onions, shallots, and leeks.

Each segment of a garlic bulb is called a clove. There are about 10&#;20 cloves in a single bulb, give or take.

Garlic grows in many parts of the world and is a popular ingredient in cooking due to its strong smell and delicious taste.

However, throughout ancient history, people widely used garlic for its health and medicinal properties. There is documented evidence of its use by many major civilizations, including the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and Indians.

Scientists now know that most of garlic&#;s health benefits are due to the formation of sulfur compounds when you chop, crush, or chew a garlic clove.

Perhaps the most well-known compound is allicin. However, allicin is an unstable compound that is only briefly present in fresh garlic after you cut or crush it.

Other compounds that may play a role in garlic&#;s health benefits include diallyl disulfide and s-allyl cysteine.

The sulfur compounds from garlic enter your body from the digestive tract. They then travel all over your body, exerting strong biological effects.

Summary

Garlic is a plant in the onion family grown for its distinctive taste and health benefits. It forms sulfur compounds, which experts believe to be responsible for some of those health benefits.

3. Garlic can help protect against illness, including the common cold

Research from suggests that aged garlic extract (AGE) can boost your immune system.

The study found that people who took AGE supplements for 3 months during the cold and flu season experienced less severe symptoms and fewer days missed of school or work.

Other research suggests that the compounds in garlic may have antiviral properties. In addition to boosting your immune system, it may help prevent viruses from entering host cells or from replicating within your cells.

Summary

Garlic and garlic supplements may help prevent and reduce the severity of illnesses like the flu and common cold.

4. The active compounds in garlic can reduce blood pressure

According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke are responsible for more deaths than almost any other condition.

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is one of the most important factors that may lead to these diseases.

A meta-analysis of studies found garlic supplements to reduce blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Researchers linked this effect to a 16&#;40% reduced risk of experiencing cardiovascular events.

The analysis noted that the effect of garlic was similar to some blood pressure medications but with fewer side effects.

A review notes that allicin in garlic may limit the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that increases blood pressure. It may also relax your blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more easily.

Summary

Garlic supplements appear to improve blood pressure for those with known high blood pressure. In some cases, supplements may be as effective as regular medications.

5. Garlic improves cholesterol levels, which may lower the risk of heart disease

A research review suggests that garlic can lower total and LDL (bad) cholesterol. The authors recommend that people with high cholesterol eat more garlic but caution that more research is needed to verify their findings.

According to research, taking garlic supplements for more than 2 months could reduce your LDL by up to 10%. Researchers noted this effect in people with slightly raised cholesterol levels.

But garlic does not seem to have the same effect on triglyceride levels, another risk factor for heart disease.

Research also suggests that garlic does not have an effect on HDL (good) cholesterol.

Summary

Garlic supplements seem to reduce total and LDL (bad) cholesterol, particularly in those with slightly high cholesterol. There appears to be no effect on HDL (good) cholesterol and triglycerides.

7. Garlic may help you live longer

The potential effects of garlic on longevity are basically impossible to prove in humans.

But given the beneficial effects on important risk factors like blood pressure, it makes sense that garlic could help you live longer.

In a Chinese study, older adults who consumed garlic at least weekly lived longer than those who consumed garlic less than once a week.

The fact that it can help defend against infectious diseases is also important. Such diseases are common causes of death, especially in older adults or people with weakened immune systems.

Summary

Garlic has known beneficial effects on common causes of chronic disease, so it makes sense that it could also help you live longer.

8. Garlic supplements may improve your athletic performance

Garlic was one of the earliest &#;performance-enhancing&#; substances.

Ancient civilizations used garlic to reduce fatigue and improve the work capacity of laborers. Olympic athletes in ancient Greece consumed garlic to improve their performance.

While rodent studies have shown that garlic helps with exercise performance, there have been very few human studies.

A recent study found that garlic didn&#;t improve cyclists&#; performance in a 40-km time trial. However, it may have reduced exercise-related oxidative stress and muscle damage.

A small study also noted that garlic supplements might increase oxygen capacity during exercise. But more research is needed to confirm this potential benefit.

Summary

Animal studies suggest that garlic may improve physical performance. The benefits for humans are not yet conclusive. Ultimately, more research is needed.

9. Eating garlic may help detoxify heavy metals in the body

At high doses, the sulfur compounds in garlic have been shown to protect against organ damage from heavy metal toxicity.

Allicin in garlic can help reduce levels of lead in your blood and vital organs.

A study involving employees at a car battery plant (who had excessive exposure to lead) found that garlic reduced lead levels in the blood by 19%. It also reduced many clinical signs of toxicity, including headaches and high blood pressure.

Three doses of garlic each day even outperformed the drug D-penicillamine in reducing symptoms.

Summary

Studies show that garlic can significantly reduce lead toxicity and related symptoms.

10. Garlic may improve bone health

A few recent studies have measured the effects of garlic on bone health, specifically in women after menopause.

Results of a clinical trial published in showed that garlic can reduce oxidative stress that leads to osteoporosis. The participants took garlic tablets equal to about 2 grams of fresh garlic per day.

A study found that 12 weeks of garlic supplements (1 gram per day) helped reduce pain in women with knee osteoarthritis and obesity or overweight.

Summary

Garlic appears to have some benefits for bone health by reducing oxidative stress. Still, more human studies are needed.

11. Garlic is easy to include in your diet and adds flavor

The last one isn&#;t a health benefit but is still important.

Garlic is very easy to include in your current diet. It complements most savory dishes, particularly soups and sauces. The strong taste of garlic can also add a punch to otherwise bland recipes.

Garlic comes in several forms, from whole cloves and smooth pastes to powders and supplements like garlic extract and garlic oil.

A common way to use garlic is to press a few cloves of fresh garlic with a garlic press, then mix it with extra virgin olive oil and a bit of salt. This works as a very simple and nutritious salad dressing.

Summary

Garlic is delicious and easy to add to your diet. You can use it in savory dishes, soups, sauces, dressings, and more.

Garlic side effects

Keep in mind that garlic has some downsides, such as bad breath. Some people are also allergic to garlic.

Garlic may also affect your blood clotting ability. If you have a bleeding disorder or are taking blood-thinning medications, talk with a doctor before increasing your garlic intake.

Frequently asked questions

What is the 10-minute garlic rule?

The 10-minute garlic rule typically refers to how long you should let garlic stand after cutting or crushing it before you cook it. This may maintain some of the allicin, a beneficial but unstable compound in garlic that degrades when fresh garlic is heated.

What is the best time to eat garlic?

While many people eat garlic as part of a meal, some people believe eating it on an empty stomach may improve the health benefits associated with it. However, more research is needed to prove whether eating garlic on an empty stomach provides additional benefits.

What is the healthiest way to eat garlic?

Eating garlic raw may provide additional benefits, as some of the beneficial compounds in garlic are sensitive to heat.

What happens if I eat garlic every day?

Garlic is likely safe for most people to consume in the amounts used in food preparation. But some people, including those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and those taking blood thinners may have negative effects from drastically increasing their garlic intake.

The bottom line

People have believed in garlic&#;s medicinal properties for thousands of years. Science is now beginning to confirm it.

Garlic is safe and healthy for most people. But if you&#;re taking blood thinners, talk with a doctor before drastically increasing your garlic intake.

Just one thing

Wondering if raw garlic has more health benefits than cooked garlic? We&#;ve got the answer.

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Dunstan, J. A., Breckler, L., Hale, J., Lehmann, H., Franklin, P., Lyons, G., Ching, S. Y., Mori, T. A., Barden, A., and Prescott, S. L. Supplementation with vitamins C, E, beta-carotene and selenium has no effect on anti-oxidant status and immune responses in allergic adults: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp.Allergy ;37(2):180-187. View abstract.

Durak I, Yilmaz E Devrim E Perk H Kacmaz. Consumption of aqueous garlic extract leads to significant improvement in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer . Nutr Res ;23:199-204.

Durak, I., Kavutcu, M., Aytac, B., Avci, A., Devrim, E., Ozbek, H., and Ozturk, H. S. Effects of garlic extract consumption on blood lipid and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in humans with high blood cholesterol. J Nutr.Biochem. ;15(6):373-377. View abstract.

Dwivedi, C., John, L. M., Schmidt, D. S., and Engineer, F. N. Effects of oil-soluble organosulfur compounds from garlic on doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation. Anticancer Drugs ;9(3):291-294. View abstract.

Dwivedi, C., Rohlfs, S., Jarvis, D., and Engineer, F. N. Chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumor development by diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide. Pharm.Res ;9(12):-. View abstract.

Edelstein AJ and Johnstown PA. Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Dermatol ;61:111.

Egen-Schwind C, Eckard R, Jekat FW, and et al. Pharmacokinetics of vinyldithiins, transformation products of allicin. Planta Med ;58:8-13.

Eguchi, A., Murakami, A., and Ohigashi, H. Novel bioassay system for evaluating anti-oxidative activities of food items: use of basolateral media from differentiated Caco-2 cells. Free Radic.Res. ;39(12):-. View abstract.

Ejaz, S., Chekarova, I., Cho, J. W., Lee, S. Y., Ashraf, S., and Lim, C. W. Effect of aged garlic extract on wound healing: a new frontier in wound management. Drug Chem.Toxicol. ;32(3):191-203. View abstract.

Ekeowa-Anderson, A. L., Shergill, B., and Goldsmith, P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis ;56(3):174-175. View abstract.

El Beshbishy, H. A. Aqueous garlic extract attenuates hepatitis and oxidative stress induced by galactosamine/lipoploysaccharide in rats. Phytother.Res. ;22(10):-. View abstract.

Eming, S. A., Piontek, J. O., Hunzelmann, N., Rasokat, H., and Scharffetter-Kachanek, K. Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Br J Dermatol. ;141(2):391-392. View abstract.

Ernst E. Can allium vegetables prevent cancer? Phytomedicine ;4(1):79-83.

Ernst, E. Complementary/alternative medicine for hypertension: a mini-review. Wien.Med Wochenschr. ;155(17-18):386-391. View abstract.

Fani, M. M., Kohanteb, J., and Dayaghi, M. Inhibitory activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on multidrug-resistant Streptococcus mutans. J Indian Soc.Pedod.Prev.Dent. ;25(4):164-168. View abstract.

Farrell, A. M. and Staughton, R. C. Garlic burns mimicking herpes zoster. Lancet 4-27-;347():. View abstract.

Fedder, S. L. Spinal epidural hematoma and garlic ingestion. Neurosurgery ;27(4):659. View abstract.

Feldberg, R. S., Chang, S. C., Kotik, A. N., Nadler, M., Neuwirth, Z., Sundstrom, D. C., and Thompson, N. H. In vitro mechanism of inhibition of bacterial cell growth by allicin. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother ;32(12):-. View abstract.

Filobbos, G., Chapman, T., and Gesakis, K. Iatrogenic burns from garlic. J.Burn Care Res. ;33(1):e21. View abstract.

Fleischer S, Bayerl C, and Jung EG. [Occupational allergic hand dermatitis to garlic in a pizza baker]. Aktuelle Dermatol ;22:278-279.

Friedman, T., Shalom, A., and Westreich, M. Self-inflicted garlic burns: our experience and literature review. Int.J Dermatol. ;45(10):-. View abstract.

Gaddoni G, Selvi M, Resta F, and et al. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic in a cook. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin Sperimentale ;48:120-121.

Gail M, You WC, Chang YS, and et al. Factorial trial of three interventions to reduce the progression of precancerous gastric lesions in Shandong, China: Design issues and initial data. Controlled Clin Trials ;19:352-369.

Gail, M. H. and You, W. C. A factorial trial including garlic supplements assesses effect in reducing precancerous gastric lesions. J Nutr. ;136(3 Suppl):813S-815S. View abstract.

Galduroz, J. C., Antunes, H. K., and Santos, R. F. Gender- and age-related variations in blood viscosity in normal volunteers: a study of the effects of extract of Allium sativum and Ginkgo biloba. Phytomedicine. ;14(7-8):447-451. View abstract.

Gallwitz, H., Bonse, S., Martinez-Cruz, A., Schlichting, I., Schumacher, K., and Krauth-Siegel, R. L. Ajoene is an inhibitor and subversive substrate of human glutathione reductase and Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase: crystallographic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studies. J Med Chem. 2-11-;42(3):364-372. View abstract.

Gamboa-Leon, M. R., Aranda-Gonzalez, I., Mut-Martin, M., Garcia-Miss, M. R., and Dumonteil, E. In vivo and in vitro control of Leishmania mexicana due to garlic-induced NO production. Scand.J Immunol. ;66(5):508-514. View abstract.

Gao YT, McLaughlin JK, and Gridley G. Risk factors for esophageal cancer in Shanghai, China. Role of diet and nutrients. Int J Cancer ;58:197-202.

Gao, C. M., Takezaki, T., Ding, J. H., Li, M. S., and Tajima, K. Protective effect of allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous case-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Jpn.J Cancer Res ;90(6):614-621. View abstract.

Garcia-Anoveros, J. and Nagata, K. TRPA1. Handb.Exp.Pharmacol. ;(179):347-362. View abstract.

Gardner CD, Chatterjee L, and Carlson J. Effect of garlic supplementation on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic men and women. Circulation ;99(8):.

Gebhardt R, Beck H, and Wagner K. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by allicin and ajoene in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta ;(1):57-62.

Germain, E., Auger, J., Ginies, C., Siess, M. H., and Teyssier, C. In vivo metabolism of diallyl disulphide in the rat: identification of two new metabolites. Xenobiotica ;32(12):-. View abstract.

German, K., Kumar, U., and Blackford, H. N. Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding. Br J Urol ;76(4):518. View abstract.

Ghannoum, M. A. Inhibition of Candida adhesion to buccal epithelial cells by an aqueous extract of Allium sativum (garlic). J Appl.Bacteriol. ;68(2):163-169. View abstract.

Ghannoum, M. A. Studies on the anticandidal mode of action of Allium sativum (garlic). J Gen.Microbiol. ;134 ( Pt 11):-. View abstract.

Ghazanfari, T., Hassan, Z. M., and Khamesipour, A. Enhancement of peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity against Leishmania major by garlic (Allium sativum) treatment. J Ethnopharmacol. 2-20-;103(3):333-337. View abstract.

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, and Willett WC. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res ;54:-.

Gravas S, Tzortzis V Rountas C Melekos MD. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and garlic consumption: a lesson to learn. Urol Res. ;38(1):61-63.

Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Motta, R. H., Ferraresi, P. M., and Sartoratto, A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic against oral streptococci. Int.J Dent.Hyg. ;5(2):109-115. View abstract.

Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Simoes, R. P., Florio, F. M., and Sartoratto, A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Int.Dent.J. ;52(6):433-437. View abstract.

Guo, N. L., Lu, D. P., Woods, G. L., Reed, E., Zhou, G. Z., Zhang, L. B., and Waldman, R. H. Demonstration of the anti-viral activity of garlic extract against human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Chin Med J (Engl.) ;106(2):93-96. View abstract.

Guo, Y., Zhang, K., Wang, Q., Li, Z., Yin, Y., Xu, Q., Duan, W., and Li, C. Neuroprotective effects of diallyl trisulfide in SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res. 2-16-;:110-115. View abstract.

Gupta, N. and Porter, T. D. Garlic and garlic-derived compounds inhibit human squalene monooxygenase. J Nutr ;131(6):-. View abstract.

Hajheydari, Z., Jamshidi, M., Akbari, J., and Mohammadpour, R. Combination of topical garlic gel and betamethasone valerate cream in the treatment of localized alopecia areata: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Indian J Dermatol.Venereol.Leprol. ;73(1):29-32. View abstract.

Hansanugrum, A. and Barringer, S. A. Effect of milk on the deodorization of malodorous breath after garlic ingestion. J.Food Sci. 8-1-;75(6):C549-C558. View abstract.

Hansson LE, Nyren O, and Bergstrom R. Diet and risk of gastric cancer: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer ;55:181-189.

Harenberg, J., Giese, C., and Zimmermann, R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis ;74(3):247-249. View abstract.

Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the potential herbal sources of future drugs effective in oxidant-related diseases. Inflamm.Allergy Drug Targets. ;8(1):2-10. View abstract.

Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Moradi, L., Mehri, A., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review. Curr.Pharm.Des ;16(26):-. View abstract.

Hassan, Z. M., Yaraee, R., Zare, N., Ghazanfari, T., Sarraf Nejad, A. H., and Nazori, B. Immunomodulatory affect of R10 fraction of garlic extract on natural killer activity. Int Immunopharmacol. ;3(10-11):-. View abstract.

Helen, A., Krishnakumar, K., Vijayammal, P. L., and Augusti, K. T. A comparative study of antioxidants S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide and vitamin E on the damages induced by nicotine in rats. Pharmacology ;67(3):113-117. View abstract.

Henning, S. M., Zhang, Y., Seeram, N. P., Lee, R. P., Wang, P., Bowerman, S., and Heber, D. Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of herbs and spices in dry, fresh and blended herb paste form. Int J Food Sci Nutr ;62(3):219-225. View abstract.

Higashikawa, F., Noda, M., Awaya, T., Ushijima, M., and Sugiyama, M. Reduction of serum lipids by the intake of the extract of garlic fermented with Monascus pilosus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin.Nutr. ;31(2):261-266. View abstract.

Hikino, H., Tohkin, M., Kiso, Y., Namiki, T., Nishimura, S., and Takeyama, K. Antihepatotoxic actions of Allium sativum bulbs. Planta Med ;(3):163-168. View abstract.

Hiltunen, R., Josling, P. D., and James, M. H. Preventing airborne infection with an intranasal cellulose powder formulation (Nasaleze travel). Adv.Ther ;24(5):-. View abstract.

Hirsch, K., Danilenko, M., Giat, J., Miron, T., Rabinkov, A., Wilchek, M., Mirelman, D., Levy, J., and Sharoni, Y. Effect of purified allicin, the major ingredient of freshly crushed garlic, on cancer cell proliferation. Nutr.Cancer ;38(2):245-254. View abstract.

Hjorth, N. and Roed-Petersen, J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis ;2(1):28-42. View abstract.

Holden C. Fighting parasites with garlic. Science ;278():581.

Hsu, C. C., Huang, C. N., Hung, Y. C., and Yin, M. C. Five cysteine-containing compounds have antioxidative activity in Balb/cA mice. J Nutr. ;134(1):149-152. View abstract.

Hu, J., Nyren, O., Wolk, A., Bergstrom, R., Yuen, J., Adami, H. O., Guo, L., Li, H., Huang, G., Xu, X., and . Risk factors for oesophageal cancer in northeast China. Int J Cancer 4-1-;57(1):38-46. View abstract.

Hu, X., Cao, B. N., Hu, G., He, J., Yang, D. Q., and Wan, Y. S. Attenuation of cell migration and induction of cell death by aged garlic extract in rat sarcoma cells. Int J Mol.Med ;9(6):641-643. View abstract.

Hughes BG and Lawson LD. Antimicrobial effects of Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium ampeloprasum L. (Elephant garlic), and Allium cepa L. (Onion), garlic compounds and commercial garlic supplement products. Phytother Res ;5:154-158.

Hughes BG, Murray BK, North JA, and et al. Antiviral constituents from Allium sativum. Planta Med ;55:114.

Hughes, T. M., Varma, S., and Stone, N. M. Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Contact Dermatitis ;47(1):48. View abstract.

Hurley, M. N., Forrester, D. L., and Smyth, A. R. Antibiotic adjuvant therapy for pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. ;(10):CD. View abstract.

Hussain, S. P., Jannu, L. N., and Rao, A. R. Chemopreventive action of garlic on methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mice. Cancer Lett. ;49(2):175-180. View abstract.

Huynh F, Fowkes C, and Tejani A. Garlic for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Hypertension Group [Group Record] ;

Hviid, K. and Alsbjorn, B. ["Burns" caused by local application of garlic]. Ugeskr.Laeger 12-11-;162(50):-. View abstract.

Ide N, Nelson AB, and Lau BHS. Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit Cu2+ -induced oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Planta Med ;63:263-264.

Ide, N. and Lau, B. H. S-allylcysteine attenuates oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Drug Dev.Ind.Pharm. ;25(5):619-624. View abstract.

Ince DI, Sonmez GT, and Ince ML. Effects garlic on aerobic performance. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences ;30(6):557-561.

Ishikawa, H., Saeki, T., Otani, T., Suzuki, T., Shimozuma, K., Nishino, H., Fukuda, S., and Morimoto, K. Aged garlic extract prevents a decline of NK cell number and activity in patients with advanced cancer. J Nutr. ;136(3 Suppl):816S-820S. View abstract.

Jabbari, A., Argani, H., Ghorbanihaghjo, A., and Mahdavi, R. Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in Renal Transplant Recipients. Lipids Health Dis. 5-19-;4(1):11. View abstract.

Jain, R. C. Anti tubercular activity of garlic oil. Indian J Pathol.Microbiol. ;41(1):131. View abstract.

Jain, R. C. Effect of garlic on serum lipids, coagulability and fibrinolytic activity of blood. Am J Clin Nutr ;30(9):-. View abstract.

Jepson RG, Kleijnen J, and Leng GC. Garlic for peripheral arterial occlusive disease (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library ;2

Jonkers, D., van den, Broek E., van, Dooren, I, Thijs, C., Dorant, E., Hageman, G., and Stobberingh, E. Antibacterial effect of garlic and omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob.Chemother. ;43(6):837-839. View abstract.

Jung F, Jung EM, Mrowietz C, and et al. [The effects of garlic powder on cutaneous microcirculation. A cross-over test with healthy test persons]. Med Welt ;42:28-30.

Jung, E. M., Jung, F., Mrowietz, C., Kiesewetter, H., Pindur, G., and Wenzel, E. Influence of garlic powder on cutaneous microcirculation. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over study in apparently healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung ;41(6):626-630. View abstract.

Jung, F., Jung, E. M., Mrowietz, C., Kiesewetter, H., and Wenzel, E. Influence of garlic powder on cutaneous microcirculation: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study in apparently healthy subjects. Br.J Clin Pract.Suppl ;69:30-35. View abstract.

Kabasakal, L., Sehirli, O., Cetinel, S., Cikler, E., Gedik, N., and Sener, G. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. J Med Food ;8(3):319-326. View abstract.

Kandziora J. Antihypertensive Wirksamkeit und Vertraglichkeit eines Knoblauch-preparates. Arztliche Forschung ;1:1-8.

Kandziora J. Blutdruck and lipidsenkende Wirkung eines Knoblauch-praparates in kombination mit einem Diuretikum. Arztliche Forschung ;3:3-8.

Kandziora J. The blood pressure lowering and lipid lowering effect of a garlic preparation in combination with a diuretic. Arzliche Forschung ;3:1-8.

Kannar D. Clinical evaluation of Australian based garlic and its combination with inulin in mild and moderate hyperlipidaemia [dissertation] . Clayton Australia: Monash University ;p i-vi(6):67-114.

Kannar, D., Wattanapenpaiboon, N., Savige, G. S., and Wahlqvist, M. L. Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric-coated garlic supplement. J Am Coll Nutr ;20(3):225-231. View abstract.

Kaplan, B., Schewach-Millet, M., and Yorav, S. Factitial dermatitis induced by application of garlic. Int J Dermatol. ;29(1):75-76. View abstract.

Kasuga, S., Uda, N., Kyo, E., Ushijima, M., Morihara, N., and Itakura, Y. Pharmacologic activities of aged garlic extract in comparison with other garlic preparations. J Nutr ;131(3s):S-S. View abstract.

Keiss, H. P., Dirsch, V. M., Hartung, T., Haffner, T., Trueman, L., Auger, J., Kahane, R., and Vollmar, A. M. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) modulates cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-activated human blood thereby inhibiting NF-kappaB activity. J Nutr. ;133(7):-. View abstract.

Kendler, B. S. Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Prev.Med ;16(5):670-685. View abstract.

Khodavandi, A., Alizadeh, F., Harmal, N. S., Sidik, S. M., Othman, F., Sekawi, Z., and Chong, P. P. Expression analysis of SIR2 and SAPs1-4 gene expression in Candida albicans treated with allicin compared to fluconazole. Trop.Biomed. ;28(3):589-598. View abstract.

Khodavandi, A., Alizadeh, F., Harmal, N. S., Sidik, S. M., Othman, F., Sekawi, Z., Jahromi, M. A., Ng, K. P., and Chong, P. P. Comparison between efficacy of allicin and fluconazole against Candida albicans in vitro and in a systemic candidiasis mouse model. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. ;315(2):87-93. View abstract.

Kianoush, S., Balali-Mood, M., Mousavi, S. R., Moradi, V., Sadeghi, M., Dadpour, B., Rajabi, O., and Shakeri, M. T. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. ;110(5):476-481. View abstract.

Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Mrowietz C, and et al. Effects of garlic on blood fluidity and fibrinolytic activity: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br J of Clin Prac ;69:24-29.

Kiesewetter, H., Jung, F., Pindur, G., Jung, E. M., Mrowietz, C., and Wenzel, E. Effect of garlic on thrombocyte aggregation, microcirculation, and other risk factors. Int J Clin Pharmacol.Ther.Toxicol. ;29(4):151-155. View abstract.

Kim, J. Y. and Kwon, O. Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am.J Clin Nutr. ;89(1):257-264. View abstract.

Knowles, L. M. and Milner, J. A. Possible mechanism by which allyl sulfides suppress neoplastic cell proliferation. J Nutr. ;131(3s):S-S. View abstract.

Knox, J. and Gaster, B. Dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. J Altern.Complement Med ;13(1):83-95. View abstract.

Kockar, C., Ozturk, M., and Bavbek, N. Helicobacter pylori eradication with beta carotene, ascorbic acid and allicin. Acta Medica.(Hradec.Kralove) ;44(3):97-100. View abstract.

Kojuri, J., Vosoughi, A. R., and Akrami, M. Effects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids Health Dis. ;6:5. View abstract.

Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, Latza R, and et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis ;144:237-249.

Koscielny, J., Schmitt, R., Radtke, H., Latza, R., and Kiesewetter, H. Garlic study vindicated by official investigation. Nature 4-6-;404():542. View abstract.

Kosuge, Y., Koen, Y., Ishige, K., Minami, K., Urasawa, H., Saito, H., and Ito, Y. S-allyl-L-cysteine selectively protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons from amyloid beta-protein- and tunicamycin-induced neuronal death. Neuroscience ;122(4):885-895. View abstract.

Ku DD, Abdel-Razek TT, Dai J, and et al. Mechanisms of garlic induced pulmonary vasorelaxation: role of allicin. Circulation ;96(8S):6-I.

Kumar, M. and Berwal, J. S. Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum). J Appl.Microbiol. ;84(2):213-215. View abstract.

Kundakovic, T., Milenkovic, M., Zlatkovic, S., Nikolic, V., Nikolic, G., and Binic, I. Treatment of venous ulcers with the herbal-based ointment Herbadermal(R): a prospective non-randomized pilot study. Forsch.Komplementmed. ;19(1):26-30. View abstract.

Kweon, S., Park, K. A., and Choi, H. Chemopreventive effect of garlic powder diet in diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Life Sci. 9-26-;73(19):-. View abstract.

Lachmann, G., Lorenz, D., Radeck, W., and Steiper, M. [The pharmacokinetics of the S35 labeled labeled garlic constituents alliin, allicin and vinyldithiine]. Arzneimittelforschung. ;44(6):734-743. View abstract.

Lachter, J., Babich, J. P., Brookman, J. C., and Factor, A. Y. Garlic: a way out of work. Mil.Med ;168(6):499-500. View abstract.

Laing, M. E., Barry, J., Buckley, A. M., and Murphy, G. M. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to food and latex in a chef. Contact Dermatitis ;55(3):193-194. View abstract.

Larijani, V. N., Ahmadi, N., Zeb, I., Khan, F., Flores, F., and Budoff, M. Beneficial effects of aged garlic extract and coenzyme Q10 on vascular elasticity and endothelial function: the FAITH randomized clinical trial. Nutrition ;29(1):71-75. View abstract.

Lash, J. P., Cardoso, L. R., Mesler, P. M., Walczak, D. A., and Pollak, R. The effect of garlic on hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant patients. Transplant.Proc. ;30(1):189-191. View abstract.

Latha R, Venkatakrishnan L, Aruna V, and et al. The effect of garlic oil on lipid peroxidation and blood cell counts of arsenic exposed albino mice. Journal of Natural Remedies ;6:19-25.

Lau BH, Lam F, Wang-Cheng R, and et al. Effect of odor-modified garlic preparation on blood lipids. Nutrition Research ;7:139-149.

Lau BH, Tadi PP, and Tosk JM. Allium sativum (garlic) and cancer prevention. Nutrit Res ;10:937-948.

Lawson, L. D. Effect of garlic on serum lipids. JAMA 11-11-;280(18):. View abstract.

Lawson, L. D. Garlic for total cholesterol reduction. Ann.Intern.Med 7-3-;135(1):65-66. View abstract.

Lee, E. K., Chung, S. W., Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. M., Heo, H. S., Lim, H. A., Kim, M. K., Anton, S., Yokozawa, T., and Chung, H. Y. Allylmethylsulfide Down-Regulates X-Ray Irradiation-Induced Nuclear Factor-kappaB Signaling in C57/BL6 Mouse Kidney. J Med Food ;12(3):542-551. View abstract.

Lee, M. H., Kim, Y. M., and Kim, S. G. Efficacy and tolerability of diphenyl-dimethyl-dicarboxylate plus garlic oil in patients with chronic hepatitis. Int.J.Clin.Pharmacol.Ther. ;50(11):778-786. View abstract.

Leelarungrayub, N., Rattanapanone, V., Chanarat, N., and Gebicki, J. M. Quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant properties of garlic and shallot preparations. Nutrition ;22(3):266-274. View abstract.

Lei, Y. P., Chen, H. W., Sheen, L. Y., and Lii, C. K. Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide suppress oxidized LDL-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule and E-selectin expression through protein kinase A- and B-dependent signaling pathways. J Nutr. ;138(6):996-. View abstract.

Lembo, G., Balato, N., Patruno, C., Auricchio, L., and Ayala, F. Allergic contact dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum). Contact Dermatitis ;25(5):330-331. View abstract.

Levi, F., Franceschi, S., Negri, E., and La Vecchia, C. Dietary factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer 6-1-;71(11):-. View abstract.

Levi, F., La Vecchia, C., Gulie, C., and Negri, E. Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Nutr Cancer ;19(3):327-335. View abstract.

Li, G., Shi, Z., Jia, H., Ju, J., Wang, X., Xia, Z., Qin, L., Ge, C., Xu, Y., Cheng, L., Chen, P., and Yuan, G. A clinical investigation on garlicin injectio for treatment of unstable angina pectoris and its actions on plasma endothelin and blood sugar levels. J Tradit.Chin Med ;20(4):243-246. View abstract.

Li, H., Li, H. Q., Wang, Y., Xu, H. X., Fan, W. T., Wang, M. L., Sun, P. H., and Xie, X. Y. An intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) ;117(8):-. View abstract.

Li, M., Ciu, J. R., Ye, Y., Min, J. M., Zhang, L. H., Wang, K., Gares, M., Cros, J., Wright, M., and Leung-Tack, J. Antitumor activity of Z-ajoene, a natural compound purified from garlic: antimitotic and microtubule-interaction properties. Carcinogenesis ;23(4):573-579. View abstract.

Li, M., Min, J. M., Cui, J. R., Zhang, L. H., Wang, K., Valette, A., Davrinche, C., Wright, M., and Leung-Tack, J. Z-ajoene induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells: involvement of Bcl-2 cleavage. Nutr.Cancer ;42(2):241-247. View abstract.

Lian Z, Jun-Ling M, and Wei-Dong L. A randomized multi-intervention trial to inhibit gastric cancer in Shandong (progress report). Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology ;25(5):338-340.

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Sabitha, P., Adhikari, P. M., Shenoy, S. M., Kamath, A., John, R., Prabhu, M. V., Mohammed, S., Baliga, S., and Padmaja, U. Efficacy of garlic paste in oral candidiasis. Trop.Doct. ;35(2):99-100. View abstract.

Saleem, S., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, A. S., Yousuf, S., Ansari, M. A., Khan, M. B., Ishrat, T., and Islam, F. Behavioral and histologic neuroprotection of aqueous garlic extract after reversible focal cerebral ischemia. J Med Food ;9(4):537-544. View abstract.

Salem, S., Salahi, M., Mohseni, M., Ahmadi, H., Mehrsai, A., Jahani, Y., and Pourmand, G. Major dietary factors and prostate cancer risk: a prospective multicenter case-control study. Nutr.Cancer ;63(1):21-27. View abstract.

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Sarrell, E. M., Cohen, H. A., and Kahan, E. Naturopathic treatment for ear pain in children. Pediatrics ;111(5 Pt 1):e574-e579. View abstract.

Schiermeier, Q. German garlic study under scrutiny. Nature 10-14-;401():629. View abstract.

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Shakeel, M., Trinidade, A., McCluney, N., and Clive, B. Complementary and alternative medicine in epistaxis: a point worth considering during the patient's history. Eur.J.Emerg.Med. ;17(1):17-19. View abstract.

Sheela, C. G. and Augusti, K. T. Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian J Exp Biol ;30(6):523-526. View abstract.

Shu, X. O., Zheng, W., Potischman, N., Brinton, L. A., Hatch, M. C., Gao, Y. T., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. A population-based case-control study of dietary factors and endometrial cancer in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Am J Epidemiol. 1-15-;137(2):155-165. View abstract.

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Siegers CP, Steffen B, Robke A, and et al. The effects of garlic preparation against human tumour cell proliferation. Phytomedicine ;6(1):7-11.

Singh, B. B., Vinjamury, S. P., Der-Martirosian, C., Kubik, E., Mishra, L. C., Shepard, N. P., Singh, V. J., Meier, M., and Madhu, S. G. Ayurvedic and collateral herbal treatments for hyperlipidemia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. Altern.Ther Health Med ;13(4):22-28. View abstract.

Sitprija, S., Plengvidhya, C., Kangkaya, V., Bhuvapanich, S., and Tunkayoon, M. Garlic and diabetes mellitus phase II clinical trial. J Med Assoc Thai. ;70 Suppl 2:223-227. View abstract.

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Sobenin, I. A., Andrianova, I. V., Demidova, O. N., Gorchakova, T., and Orekhov, A. N. Lipid-lowering effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized study. J Atheroscler.Thromb. ;15(6):334-338. View abstract.

Sobenin, I. A., Nedosugova, L. V., Filatova, L. V., Balabolkin, M. I., Gorchakova, T. V., and Orekhov, A. N. Metabolic effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the results of double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Acta Diabetol. ;45(1):1-6. View abstract.

Sobenin, I. A., Prianishnikov, V. V., Kunnova, L. M., Rabinovich, E. A., and Orekhov, A. N. [Allicor efficacy in lowering the risk of ischemic heart disease in primary prophylaxis]. Ter.Arkh. ;77(12):9-13. View abstract.

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Sobenin, I. A., Prianishnikov, V. V., Kunnova, L. M., Radinovich, E. A., and Orekhov, A. N. [Reduction of cardiovascular risk in primary prophylaxy of coronary heart disease]. Klin.Med (Mosk) ;83(4):52-55. View abstract.

Sobenin, I. A., Pryanishnikov, V. V., Kunnova, L. M., Rabinovich, Y. A., Martirosyan, D. M., and Orekhov, A. N. The effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis. ;9:119. View abstract.

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Soltani PR. Preecampisia [sic] is an important complication of pregnancy which can result in morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and the neonate. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran (J MED COUNC ISLAMIC REPUB IRAN) ;23(3):319.

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Sundaresan S and Subramanian P. Evaluation of chemopreventive potential of garlic extract on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinoma in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology (Netherlands) ;40:548-551.

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Swanson, C. A., Mao, B. L., Li, J. Y., Lubin, J. H., Yao, S. X., Wang, J. Z., Cai, S. K., Hou, Y., Luo, Q. S., and Blot, W. J. Dietary determinants of lung-cancer risk: results from a case-control study in Yunnan Province, China. Int J Cancer 4-1-;50(6):876-880. View abstract.

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Takeuchi, S., Matsuzaki, Y., Ikenaga, S., Nishikawa, Y., Kimura, K., Nakano, H., and Sawamura, D. Garlic-induced irritant contact dermatitis mimicking nail psoriasis. J.Dermatol. ;38(3):280-282. View abstract.

Tanaka, S., Haruma, K., Kunihiro, M., Nagata, S., Kitadai, Y., Manabe, N., Sumii, M., Yoshihara, M., Kajiyama, G., and Chayama, K. Effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) on colorectal adenomas: a double-blinded study. Hiroshima J Med Sci. ;53(3-4):39-45. View abstract.

Tanaka, S., Haruma, K., Yoshihara, M., Kajiyama, G., Kira, K., Amagase, H., and Chayama, K. Aged garlic extract has potential suppressive effect on colorectal adenomas in humans. J Nutr. ;136(3 Suppl):821S-826S. View abstract.

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Thamburan, S., Klaasen, J., Mabusela, W. T., Cannon, J. F., Folk, W., and Johnson, Q. Tulbaghia alliacea phytotherapy: a potential anti-infective remedy for candidiasis. Phytother.Res. ;20(10):844-850. View abstract.

Tilli, C. M., Stavast-Kooy, A. J., Vuerstaek, J. D., Thissen, M. R., Krekels, G. A., Ramaekers, F. C., and Neumann, H. A. The garlic-derived organosulfur component ajoene decreases basal cell carcinoma tumor size by inducing apoptosis. Arch Dermatol.Res ;295(3):117-123. View abstract.

Tong XF and Cheng HS. Mechanism of antioxidation, inhibiting carcinogenesis and modification of LDL of aged garlic extract. Pharmaceutical Care and Research (Yaoxue Fuwu Yu Yanjiu) (CHINA) ;2:122-124.

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Tsai, Y., Cole, L. L., Davis, L. E., Lockwood, S. J., Simmons, V., and Wild, G. C. Antiviral properties of garlic: in vitro effects on influenza B, herpes simplex and coxsackie viruses. Planta Med ;(5):460-461. View abstract.

Tu, H. K., Pan, K. F., Zhang, Y., Li, W. Q., Zhang, L., Ma, J. L., Li, J. Y., and You, W. C. Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism and risk of gastric lesions, and its effects on chemoprevention in a Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. ;19(4):-. View abstract.

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Turner, B., Molgaard, C., and Marckmann, P. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br.J.Nutr. ;92(4):701-706. View abstract.

Tutakne, M. A., Satyanarayanan, G., Bhardwaj, J. R., and Sethi, I. C. Sporotrichosis treated with garlic juice. A case report. Indian J Dermatol. ;28(1):41-45. View abstract.

Unnikrishnan, M. C., Soudamini, K. K., and Kuttan, R. Chemoprotection of garlic extract toward cyclophosphamide toxicity in mice. Nutr.Cancer ;13(3):201-207. View abstract.

Unsal, A., Eroglu, M., Avci, A., Cimentepe, E., Guven, C., Derya, Balbay M., and Durak, I. Protective role of natural antioxidant supplementation on testicular tissue after testicular torsion and detorsion. Scand.J Urol.Nephrol. ;40(1):17-22. View abstract.

Vaes, L. P. and Chyka, P. A. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother ;34(12):-. View abstract.

van der Walt, A., Lopata, A. L., Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., and Jeebhay, M. F. Work-related allergy and asthma in spice mill workers - The impact of processing dried spices on IgE reactivity patterns. Int Arch.Allergy Immunol. ;152(3):271-278. View abstract.

van Doorn, M. B., Espirito Santo, S. M., Meijer, P., Kamerling, I. M., Schoemaker, R. C., Dirsch, V., Vollmar, A., Haffner, T., Gebhardt, R., Cohen, A. F., Princen, H. M., and Burggraaf, J. Effect of garlic powder on C-reactive protein and plasma lipids in overweight and smoking subjects. Am.J Clin Nutr. ;84(6):-. View abstract.

van Ketel, W. G. and de Haan, P. Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis ;4(1):53-54. View abstract.

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Venugopal, P. V. and Venugopal, T. V. Antidermatophytic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) in vitro. Int J Dermatol. ;34(4):278-279. View abstract.

Wang, B. H., Zuzel, K. A., Rahman, K., and Billington, D. Protective effects of aged garlic extract against bromobenzene toxicity to precision cut rat liver slices. Toxicology 4-3-;126(3):213-222. View abstract.

Wang, E. J., Li, Y., Lin, M., Chen, L., Stein, A. P., Reuhl, K. R., and Yang, C. S. Protective effects of garlic and related organosulfur compounds on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. ;136(1):146-154. View abstract.

Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Ji, Z., Chen, X., Pan, Y., Gao, G., Gu, H., Yang, Y., Choi, B. C., and Yan, Y. Risk factors for multiple myeloma: a hospital-based case-control study in Northwest China. Cancer Epidemiol. ;36(5):439-444. View abstract.

Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Moslehi, R., Ma, J., Pan, K., Zhou, T., Liu, W., Brown, L. M., Hu, Y., Pee, D., Gail, M. H., and You, W. Long-term garlic or micronutrient supplementation, but not anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy, increases serum folate or glutathione without affecting serum vitamin B-12 or homocysteine in a rural Chinese population. J Nutr. ;139(1):106-112. View abstract.

Wang, Z. Y., Boice, J. D., Jr., Wei, L. X., Beebe, G. W., Zha, Y. R., Kaplan, M. M., Tao, Z. F., Maxon, H. R., III, Zhang, S. Z., Schneider, A. B., and . Thyroid nodularity and chromosome aberrations among women in areas of high background radiation in China. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 3-21-;82(6):478-485. View abstract.

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Wargovich, M. J., Uda, N., Woods, C., Velasco, M., and McKee, K. Allium vegetables: their role in the prevention of cancer. Biochem Soc.Trans. ;24(3):811-814. View abstract.

Williams, M. J., Sutherland, W. H., McCormick, M. P., Yeoman, D. J., and de Jong, S. A. Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease. Phytother.Res. 7-22-;19(4):314-319. View abstract.

Wohlrab, J., Wohlrab, D., and Marsch, W. C. Acute effect of a dried ethanol-water extract of garlic on the microhaemovascular system of the skin. Arzneimittelforschung. ;50(7):606-612. View abstract.

Wongmekiat, O. and Thamprasert, K. Investigating the protective effects of aged garlic extract on cyclosporin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Fundam.Clin Pharmacol. ;19(5):555-562. View abstract.

Xiao, D., Pinto, J. T., Soh, J. W., Deguchi, A., Gundersen, G. G., Palazzo, A. F., Yoon, J. T., Shirin, H., and Weinstein, I. B. Induction of apoptosis by the garlic-derived compound S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) is associated with microtubule depolymerization and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 activation. Cancer Res 10-15-;63(20):-. View abstract.

Xie, W. and Du, L. Diabetes is an inflammatory disease: evidence from traditional Chinese medicines. Diabetes Obes.Metab ;13(4):289-301. View abstract.

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Yoshikawa, K., Hadame, K., Saitoh, K., and Hijikata, T. Patch tests with common vegetables in hand dermatitis patients. Contact Dermatitis ;5(4):274-275. View abstract.

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Zamani, A., Vahidinia, A., and Ghannad, M. S. The effect of garlic consumption on Th1/Th2 cytokines in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated rat spleen lymphocytes. Phytother.Res. ;23(4):579-581. View abstract.

Zeybek, A., Cikler, E., Saglam, B., Ercan, F., Cetinel, S., and Sener, G. Aqueous garlic extract inhibits protamine sulfate-induced bladder damage. Urol.Int. ;76(2):173-179. View abstract.

Zhang, L., Gail, M. H., Wang, Y. Q., Brown, L. M., Pan, K. F., Ma, J. L., Amagase, H., You, W. C., and Moslehi, R. A randomized factorial study of the effects of long-term garlic and micronutrient supplementation and of 2-wk antibiotic treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. ;84(4):912-919. View abstract.

Zhang, W. J., Shi, Z. X., Wang, B. B., Cui, Y. J., Guo, J. Z., and Li, B. Allitridum mimics effect of ischemic preconditioning by activation of protein kinase C. Acta Pharmacol.Sin. ;22(2):132-136. View abstract.

Zhang, X. H., Lowe, D., Giles, P., Fell, S., Board, A. R., Baughan, J. A., Connock, M. J., and Maslin, D. J. A randomized trial of the effects of garlic oil upon coronary heart disease risk factors in trained male runners. Blood Coagul.Fibrinolysis ;12(1):67-74. View abstract.

Zhang, Z. D., Li, Y., and Jiao, Z. K. [Effect of local application of allicinvia gastroscopy on cell proliferation and apoptosis of progressive gastric carcinoma]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. ;28(2):108-110. View abstract.

Zheng, W., Blot, W. J., Shu, X. O., Diamond, E. L., Gao, Y. T., Ji, B. T., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. A population-based case-control study of cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in Shanghai. Int J Cancer 10-21-;52(4):557-561. View abstract.

Zheng, W., Blot, W. J., Shu, X. O., Gao, Y. T., Ji, B. T., Ziegler, R. G., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. Diet and other risk factors for laryngeal cancer in Shanghai, China. Am J Epidemiol. 7-15-;136(2):178-191. View abstract.

Zhou, Y., Zhuang, W., Hu, W., Liu, G. J., Wu, T. X., and Wu, X. T. Consumption of large amounts of Allium vegetables reduces risk for gastric cancer in a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology ;141(1):80-89. View abstract.

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Alhashim M, Lombardo J. Effect of topical garlic on wound healing and scarring: A clinical trial. Dermatol Surg. ;46(5):618-627. View abstract.

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Bahadoran P, Rokni FK, Fahami F. Investigating the therapeutic effect of vaginal cream containing garlic and thyme compared to clotrimazole cream for the treatment of mycotic vaginitis. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res ;15(Suppl 1):343-9. View abstract.

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Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on blood lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids ;58:257-63.. View abstract.

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Cox MC, Low J, Lee J, et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res ;12:-40. View abstract.

Cronin E. Dermatitis of the hands in caterers. Contact Dermatitis ;17:265-9. View abstract.

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Dehghani F, Merat A, Panjehshahin MR, Handjani F. Healing effect of garlic extract on warts and corns. Int J Dermatol ;44:612-5. View abstract.

Dehghani S, Alipoor E, Salimzadeh A, et al. The effect of a garlic supplement on the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and on pain severity, in overweight or obese women with knee osteoarthritis. Phytomedicine ;48:70-5. doi: 10./j.phymed..04.060. View abstract.

Desai G, Schelske-Santos M, Nazario CM, et al. Onion and garlic intake and breast cancer, a case-control study in Puerto Rico. Nutr Cancer. ;72(5):791-800. View abstract.

Dev T, Bharti P, Patel U, Bhari N. Chronic paronychia and nail dystrophy: an atypical presentation of allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Int J Dermatol Feb 11. doi: 10./ijd.. View abstract.

Dhamija P, Malhotra S, Pandhi P. Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Pharmacology ;77:100-4. View abstract.

Dirsch VM, Kiemer AK, Wagner H, Vollmar AM. Effect of allicin and ajoene, two compounds of garlic, on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Atherosclerosis ;139:333-9. View abstract.

Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement use, and the risk of lung carcinoma in The Netherlands. Cancer Res ;54:-53. View abstract.

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Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Carcinogenesis ;17:477-84. View abstract.

Duncan A, Mills J. An unusual case of HIV virologic failure during treatment with boosted atazanavir. AIDS ;27:-2. View abstract.

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Efendy JL, Simmons DL, Campbell GR, Campbell JH. The effect of the aged garlic extract, 'Kyolic', on the development of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis ;132:37-42. View abstract.

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Ernst E. Is garlic an effective treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection? Arch Intern Med ;159:-5. View abstract.

Evans V. Herbs and the brain: friend or foe? The effects of ginkgo and garlic on warfarin use. J Neurosci Nurs ;32:229-32. View abstract.

Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci ;64:535-98. View abstract.

Fernandez-Vozmediano JM, Armario-Hita JC, Manrique-Plaza A. Allergic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide. Contact Dermatitis ;42:108-9. View abstract.

Fleischauer AT, Arab L. Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. J Nutr ;131:S-40S.. View abstract.

Fleischauer AT, Poole C, Arab L. Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers. Am J Clin Nutr ;72:-52. View abstract.

Foster BC, Foster MS, Vandenhoek S, et al. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by garlic. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci ;4:176-84. . View abstract.

Gadidala SK, Johny E, Thomas C, Nadella M, Undela K, Adela R. Effect of garlic extract on markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res . View abstract.

Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. J Postgrad.Med ;37:128-131. View abstract.

Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. ;55(2):199-202. View abstract.

Gandomkar H, Mahmoodzadeh H, Tavakoli H, Fazeli M, Rezaei J. Garlic-induced esophageal perforation: A case series. Asian J Surg. ;43(6):696-697. View abstract.

García-García J, Gracián C, Baños A, et al. Beneficial effects of daily consumption of garlic and onion extract concentrate on infectious respiratory diseases in elderly resident volunteers. Nutrients ;15(10):. View abstract.

Gardner CD, Chatterjee LM, Carlson JJ. The effect of a garlic preparation on plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. Atherosclerosis ;154:213-20. View abstract.

Gardner CD, Lawson LD, Block E, et al. Effect of raw garlic vs commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med ;167:346-53. View abstract.

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Garty BZ. Garlic burns. Pediatrics ;91:658-9. View abstract.

Gebhardt R and Beck H. Differential inhibitory effects of garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Lipids ;31(12):-. View abstract.

Gebhardt R, Beck H. Differential inhibitory effects of garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Lipids ;31:-76. View abstract.

Ghorai M, Mandal SC, Pal M, et al. A comparative study on hypocholesterolaemic effect of allicin, whole germinated seeds of bengal gram and guggulipid of gum gugglu. Phytother.Res ;14:200-2. View abstract.

Graham DY, Anderson SY, Lang T. Garlic or jalapeno peppers for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol ;94:-2. View abstract.

Gu Y, Zhang S, Wang J, et al. Relationship between consumption of raw garlic and handgrip strength in a large-scale adult population. Clin Nutr. ;39(4):-. View abstract.

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Horie T, Awazu S, Itakura Y, Fuwa T. Alleviation by garlic of antitumor drug-induced damage to the intestine. J Nutr ;131:S-4S.. View abstract.

Horie T, Matsumoto H, Kasagi M, et al. Protective effect of aged garlic extract on the small intestinal damage of rats induced by methotrexate administration. Planta Med ;65:545-8. View abstract.

Hou LQ, Liu YH, Zhang YY. Garlic intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. ;24(4):575-82. View abstract.

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Ide N, Lau BH. Aged garlic extract attenuates intracellular oxidative stress. Phytomedicine ;6:125-31. View abstract.

Ide N, Lau BH. Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced injury. J Pharm Pharmacol ;49:908-11. View abstract.

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Ip C, Lisk DJ. Efficacy of cancer prevention by high-selenium garlic is primarily dependent on the action of selenium. Carcinogenesis ;16:-52. View abstract.

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Jafari F, Tabarrai M, Abbassian A, Jafari F, Ayati MH. Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Premenstrual Disorders: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med ;:. View abstract.

Jain AK, Vargas R, Gotzkowsky S, McMahon FG. Can garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. Am J Med ;94:632-5. View abstract.

Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. Jan;28(1):4-15. View abstract.

Jamaluddin J, Jamil SN. An unexpected reaction to topical garlic medicament - A case report of irritant contact dermatitis successfully managed in primary care. Cureus ;15(1):e. View abstract.

Jeyaraj S, Shivaji G, and Jeyaraj SD. Effect of a combined supplementation of fish oil (MEGA-3) with garlic pearls on the serum lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index of hypercholesterolemic subjects. Heart ;83(suppl 2):A4.

Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther ;18:189-93. View abstract.

Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis ;35:157-62. View abstract.

Karabacak E, Aydin E, Kutlu A, Dogan B. An unusual garlic burn occurring on an unexpected area. BMJ Case Rep . View abstract.

Kenzelmann R, Kade F. Limitation of the deterioration of lipid parameters by a standardized garlic-ginkgo combination product. A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung ;43:978-81. View abstract.

Key TJ, Silcocks PB, Davey GK, et al. A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. Br J Cancer ;76:678-87. View abstract.

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